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Что (кто) такое heat budget - определение
OVERVIEW ABOUT EARTH'S ENERGY BUDGET
Radiation budget; Heat budget; Earth's radiation balance; Earth Radiation Budget; Radiation Balance; Radiation balance; Radiative balance; RADIATIVE BALANCE; Earth radiation budget; Earth’s energy balance; Earth's energy balance; Earth's Energy Imbalance; Earth's heating rate; Earth's energy imbalance
![The growth in Earth's energy imbalance from satellite and [[in situ]] measurements (2005–2019). A rate of +1.0 W/m<sup>2</sup> summed over the planet's surface equates to a continuous heat uptake of about 500 [[terawatt]]s (~0.3% of the incident solar radiation).<ref name=GeophysResLtrs_20210615 /><ref name=em_20210622 />](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg?width=200 "The growth in Earth's energy imbalance from satellite and [[in situ]] measurements (2005–2019). A rate of +1.0 W/m<sup>2</sup> summed over the planet's surface equates to a continuous heat uptake of about 500 [[terawatt]]s (~0.3% of the incident solar radiation).<ref name=GeophysResLtrs_20210615 /><ref name=em_20210622 />")
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Earth's energy budget
Earth's energy budget accounts for the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the energy the Earth loses back into outer space. Smaller energy sources, such as Earth's internal heat, are taken into consideration, but make a tiny contribution compared to solar energy.
Carbon budget
LIMIT ON CO2 EMISSION FOR A GIVEN CLIMATE IMPACT
Global carbon budget; Emissions budget; User:Maida h4/sandbox
A carbon budget is "the maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide () emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level with a given probability, taking into account the effect of other anthropogenic climate forcers". When expressed relative to the pre-industrial period it is referred to as the Total Carbon Budget, and when expressed from a recent specified date it is referred to as the Remaining Carbon Budget.
Government budget
![The financial crisis caused by the [[South Sea company]] led to the presentation of the government budget under Sir [[Robert Walpole]]. Painting by [[Edward Matthew Ward]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/South Sea Bubble.jpg?width=200 "The financial crisis caused by the [[South Sea company]] led to the presentation of the government budget under Sir [[Robert Walpole]]. Painting by [[Edward Matthew Ward]].")
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT PRESENTING THE GOVERNMENT'S PROPOSED REVENUES AND SPENDING FOR A FISCAL YEAR
State budget; Government budgets; Budget Bill; Public budget; Finance bill; National budget; Budget Bills; City budget; Budget bill; Governmental budget; Governmental budgets; Supplementary budget; Parliamentary budget; Parliamentary budgets
A government budget is a document prepared by the government and/or other political entity presenting its anticipated tax revenues (Inheritance tax, income tax, corporation tax, import taxes) and proposed spending/expenditure (Healthcare, Education, Defence, Roads, State Benefit) for the coming financial year. In most parliamentary systems, the budget is presented to the legislature and often requires approval of the legislature.
Heat
![radiation]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hot metalwork.jpg?width=200 "radiation]].")
ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE
Heating; Heat change; Heat energy; Heat (thermodynamics); Sources of heat; Thermal enegy; Heat as energy; Heat source
·noun Sexual excitement in animals.
II. Heat ·noun Fermentation.
III. Heat ·noun Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency.
IV. Heat ·noun Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement; exasperation.
V. Heat ·Impf & ·p.p. Heated; as, the iron though heat red-hot.
VI. Heat ·vt To excite or make hot by action or emotion; to make feverish.
VII. Heat ·noun Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as, the heat of battle or party.
VIII. Heat ·vt To excite ardor in; to rouse to action; to excite to excess; to inflame, as the passions.
IX. Heat ·vt To make hot; to communicate heat to, or cause to grow warm; as, to heat an oven or furnace, an iron, or the like.
X. Heat ·noun A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or in a furnace; as, to make a horseshoe in a certain number of heats.
XI. Heat ·vi To grow warm or hot by the action of fire or friction, ·etc., or the communication of heat; as, the iron or the water heats slowly.
XII. Heat ·vi To grow warm or hot by fermentation, or the development of heat by chemical action; as, green hay heats in a mow, and manure in the dunghill.
XIII. Heat ·noun A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as, he won two heats out of three.
XIV. Heat ·noun High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature, or cold; as, the heat of summer and the cold of winter; heat of the skin or body in fever, ·etc.
XV. Heat ·noun The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire, the sun's rays, ·etc.; the reverse of cold.
XVI. Heat ·noun Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness; high color; flush; degree of temperature to which something is heated, as indicated by appearance, condition, or otherwise.
XVII. Heat ·noun A force in nature which is recognized in various effects, but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation, and which, as manifested in fire, the sun's rays, mechanical action, chemical combination, ·etc., becomes directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its nature heat is a mode if motion, being in general a form of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was given the name caloric.
heating
ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE
Heating; Heat change; Heat energy; Heat (thermodynamics); Sources of heat; Thermal enegy; Heat as energy; Heat source
¦ noun equipment or devices used to provide heat, especially to a building.
heat
ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE
Heating; Heat change; Heat energy; Heat (thermodynamics); Sources of heat; Thermal enegy; Heat as energy; Heat source
I
n.
warmth
1) to generate, produce; radiate heat
2) to alleviate the heat
3) blistering, extreme, great, intense, oppressive, scorching, stifling, sweltering, unbearable heat
4) dry; penetrating; radiant; red; white heat
5) animal; body heat
6) heat emanates from (an oven)
excitement
7) in the heat (of battle)
estrus, sexual excitement
8) in (AE), on (BE) heat (the bitch was in heat)
heating system
9) to turn on the heat
10) to turn off the heat
11) electric; gas; steam heat
preliminary race, race
12) to run a dead heat
13) a qualifying heat
pressure
(colloq.)
14) to put the heat on (the police were putting the heat on him)
II
v.
1) (C) heat some water for me; or: heat me some water
2) (D; tr.) to heat to (she heated the oven to two hundred degrees)
heating
ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE
Heating; Heat change; Heat energy; Heat (thermodynamics); Sources of heat; Thermal enegy; Heat as energy; Heat source
n. central; forced-air; space heating
Heat
ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE
Heating; Heat change; Heat energy; Heat (thermodynamics); Sources of heat; Thermal enegy; Heat as energy; Heat source
A form of kinetic energy, due to a confused oscillatory movement of the
molecules of a body. Heat is not motion, as a heated body does not
change its place; it is not momentum, but it is the energy of motion. If
the quantity of molecular motion is doubled the momentum of the
molecules is also doubled, but the molecular mechanical energy or heat
is quadrupled.
As a form of energy it is measured by thermal units. The calorie is the
most important, and unfortunately the same term applies to two units,
the gram-degree C. and the kilogram-degree C. (See Calorie.) Calories
are determined by a calorimeter, q. v.
Independent of quantity of heat a body may be hotter or colder.
Thermometers are used to determine its temperature.
Heat is transmitted by conduction, a body conducting it slowly for some
distance through its own substance. Bodies vary greatly in their
conductivity for heat. It is also transmitted by convection of gases or
liquids, when the heated molecules traveling through the mass impart
their heat to other parts. Finally it is transmitted by ether waves with
probably the speed of light. This mode of transmission and the phenomena
of it were attributed to radiant heat. As a scientific term this is now
dropped by many scientists. This practice very properly restricts the
term "heat" to kinetic molecular motion.
The mechanical equivalent of heat is the number of units of work which
the energy of one unit quantity of heat represents. (See Equivalents,
Mechanical and Physical.)
Heating
ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE
Heating; Heat change; Heat energy; Heat (thermodynamics); Sources of heat; Thermal enegy; Heat as energy; Heat source
·p.pr. & ·vb.n. of Heat.
II. Heating ·adj That heats or imparts heat; promoting warmth or heat; exciting action; stimulating; as, heating medicines or applications.
heat
ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE
Heating; Heat change; Heat energy; Heat (thermodynamics); Sources of heat; Thermal enegy; Heat as energy; Heat source
I. n.
1.
Caloric.
2.
Warmth.
3.
Degree of temperature.
4.
Excitement, flush, vehemence, impetuosity, violence, passion, fever.
5.
Ardor, earnestness, fervor, zeal.
6.
Contest, struggle, race.
II. v. a.
1.
Make hot.
2.
Excite, flush, make feverish.
3.
Warm, animate, rouse, stir, stimulate.
Википедия
Earth's energy budget
Earth's energy budget accounts for the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the energy the Earth loses back into outer space. Smaller energy sources, such as Earth's internal heat, are taken into consideration, but make a tiny contribution compared to solar energy. The energy budget also accounts for how energy moves through the climate system. Because the Sun heats the equatorial tropics more than the polar regions, received solar irradiance is unevenly distributed. As the energy seeks equilibrium across the planet, it drives interactions in Earth's climate system, i.e., Earth's water, ice, atmosphere, rocky crust, and all living things. The result is Earth's climate.
Earth's energy budget depends on many factors, such as atmospheric aerosols, greenhouse gases, the planet's surface albedo (reflectivity), clouds, vegetation, land use patterns, and more. When the incoming and outgoing energy fluxes are in balance, Earth is in radiative equilibrium and the climate system will be relatively stable. Global warming occurs when earth receives more energy than it gives back to space, and global cooling takes place when the outgoing energy is greater. Multiple types of measurements and observations show a warming imbalance since at least year 1970. The rate of heating from this human-caused event is without precedent.
When the energy budget changes, there is a delay before average global surface temperature changes significantly. This is due to the thermal inertia of the oceans, land and cryosphere. Accurate quantification of these energy flows and storage amounts is a requirement within most climate models.
